The Financial Stability Board, created by the Group of 20 nations after the 2008 credit crunch, last week put forward a plan on how the world’s biggest banks can collapse without taxpayer bailouts. The proposals, which force bond investors to take losses if banks fail, are due to come into effect in two steps starting in 2019. G-20 leaders signed off on them, according to a draft communique from the summit in Antalya, Turkey.

The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, which sets international standards for banking regulation, said on Friday that its post-crisis reforms are set to be completed next year with new rules for trading books and for ways to calculate the riskiness of assets.

In parallel, laws have changed in the main jurisdictions to set out how to deal with a collapsed lender. Prodded by the FSB, financial institutions and regulators are alsoupdating protocols governing trillions of dollars of securities and funding contracts to prevent a sudden unwinding of the trades should a bank go under.

Under the rules approved by the G-20, the world’s 30 biggest banks will have to have outstanding liabilities and instruments “readily available for bail in” equivalent to at least 16 percent of risk-weighted assets in 2019, rising to 18 percent in 2022. The banks’ shortfall under the 18 percent measure ranges from 457 billion euros to 1.1 trillion euros ($1.2 trillion), depending on the instruments considered, according to the FSB.

The three biggest — Agricultural Bank of China Ltd., Bank of China Ltd., and Industrial & Commercial Bank of China Ltd. — may have to issue as much as 269 billion euros of eligible securities by then, based on the FSB’s calculations. The number will rise by the needs of China Construction Bank Corp., which was added to the FSB’s list last month.